Category: Health

The disease shows up in about 0.75% of dogs and is a common neuro problem, says Yung-Tsun Lo (D.V.M., Ph.D) of Bioguard Corporation.

Epilepsy in dogs is basically a condition where they keep having seizures, even though there is no obvious structural problem in the brain or metabolic issue causing it. The most common

form is called idiopathic epilepsy, which means vets only diagnose it after ruling out other possible causes like brain tumors or metabolic disorders. It shows up in about 0.75% of dogs, so it’s one of the more common neurological problems seen in veterinary practice. And while it can’t be cured, with the right long-term management— usually anti-seizure medications—most dogs can still live happy, comfortable lives.

What causes epilepsy?

Epilepsy in dogs is a condition where they have repeated seizures, and in many cases, we don’t find a clear structural or metabolic cause. That’s why it’s called idiopathic epilepsy.

We do know genetics play a role—some breeds have confirmed genetic links, and researchers are still studying others. Typically, seizures start showing up between about six months and six years of age, with the average being around 2.5 years old. The pattern can vary a lot: some dogs only have occasional episodes, while others may have cluster seizures (several in a single day), and then go long stretches without any seizure activity at all.

It’s seen more often in purebred dogs, especially breeds like Beagles, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Border Collies, Boxers, Cocker Spaniels, Labradors, and Golden Retrievers. Male dogs seem to be a bit more prone than females. Because epilepsy is a diagnosis of exclusion, vets have to rule out other possible causes—like brain tumors or metabolic disorders—before confirming it’s epilepsy.

What are the clinical signs?

When we talk about seizures in dogs, they usually fall into two main categories: generalized seizures and focal seizures. Generalized seizures involve both sides of the brain, so the signs tend to be very noticeable and dramatic. Dogs often lose consciousness, stiffen up, paddle their legs, drool heavily, make unusual vocal sounds, and may even urinate or defecate during the episode.

Focal seizures are a bit different because they only affect a small area on one side of the brain. As a result, the signs can be much more subtle and sometimes easy to miss. A dog might show repeated twitching in one muscle group, have dilated pupils, or drool more than usual. Some dogs remain conscious, while others may seem mentally absent or-confused. Behaviours like “fly-biting,” where a dog suddenly snaps at the air as if trying to catch an invisible insect, can also be a form of focal seizure, although similar signs can sometimes be caused by other conditions too.

Nutritional deficiencies can drain your dog’s defences.

A strong immune system helps dogs fight infections, recover from illness, maintain healthy skin and digestion and stay active throughout life. While genetics and environment play a role, nutrition is one of the biggest factors influencing canine immunity. A poor quality or unbalanced diet can quietly weaken your dog’s natural defences long before serious illness appears.

Veterinarians often notice that many immune-related health issues are linked to nutritional deficiencies, poor ingredient quality, or inadequate protein and micronutrient intake. Here are seven clinical signs that may suggest your dog’s diet is compromising their immune function.

1. Skin infection and Itching

Skin is the body’s first barrier against bacteria, fungi and allergens. When a dog’s immune system is weakened, the skin often shows the earliest warning signs. Recurring hot spots, itchy paws, ear infections, dandruff, or red, irritated skin can indicate nutritional imbalance. Deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, vitamin E, and high-quality protein can impair skin repair and immune response. Diets heavily loaded with fillers, artificial additives, or low-grade fats may also increase inflammation. If your dog constantly scratches, licks, or develops repeated skin infections despite treatment, their nutrition may need closer evaluation.

2. Slow healing of wounds

Healthy dogs typically recover quickly from minor cuts, scratches, or surgical procedures. Delayed healing can suggest that the immune system is struggling to repair tissue effectively. Protein deficiency is a common culprit. Amino acids are essential for producing immune cells, collagen, and new tissue.

Lack of vitamins such as A and C, along with trace minerals like zinc and selenium, may further impair healing. Dogs on nutritionally incomplete homemade diets or poor-quality commercial foods are especially at risk.

3. Chronic digestive upset

The gut plays a major role in immune health because a large portion of immune cells are located within the digestive tract. Frequent diarrhoea, bloating, gas, vomiting, or inconsistent stools can signal that your dog’s gastrointestinal system is under stress. Poor digestibility, low fibre quality, food intolerances, or lack of beneficial nutrients can disrupt gut bacteria and weaken immune resilience. Dogs fed highly processed diets with minimal nutritional diversity may develop chronic inflammation in the gut over time. A healthy immune-supportive diet should promote firm stools, steady digestion, and balanced gut microbiota.

4. Low energy and reduced vitality

If your dog seems unusually tired, reluctant to exercise, or less playful than normal, inadequate nutrition may be contributing. Immune function requires substantial energy and nutrient support.

When the body lacks proper fuel, both immunity and metabolism suffer. Low-quality diets often fail to provide adequate levels of digestible protein, healthy fats, and essential vitamins. Blood sugar fluctuations from excessive carbohydrates can also affect energy levels. While fatigue can stem from many medical conditions, persistent lethargy combined with other symptoms may point toward nutritional deficiencies affecting immune performance.

5. Recurrent ear infections

Repeated ear infections are commonly linked to allergies, but diet-related immune dysfunction can also play a role. Inflammation caused by food sensitivities or poor immune regulation may create an environment where yeast and bacteria thrive. Dogs consuming diets with artificial preservatives, poor protein sources, or ingredients they are sensitive to may experience chronic ear irritation. Some dogs improve significantly when transitioned to balanced diets containing limited ingredients or higher quality proteins. Persistent ear problems should always be medically assessed, but nutrition is often an overlooked contributing factor.

6. Dull coat and excessive shedding

A shiny coat reflects good internal health. When immunity and nutrition decline, the coat frequently loses its lustre. Excessive shedding, brittle fur, patchy hair loss, or dry skin can all indicate inadequate nutrient intake.

Essential fatty acids, especially omega-3s, help regulate inflammation and support skin barrier function. Protein quality is equally important because hair is primarily made of protein. Dogs fed nutritionally poor diets may appear outwardly unhealthy even before bloodwork reveals abnormalities. Coat quality is often one of the simplest visual indicators of overall immune and nutritional status.

7. Increased susceptibility to illness

Dogs with compromised immunity may catch infections more easily or take longer to recover from common illnesses. Frequent respiratory infections, recurring gastrointestinal infections, or a history of repeated antibiotic use can suggest weakened immune defences.

Nutritional inadequacies reduce the body’s ability to produce antibodies and maintain proper inflammatory responses. Puppies, senior dogs and dogs with chronic medical conditions are particularly vulnerable when dietary quality is poor. A balanced immune-supportive diet should include adequate protein, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals and healthy fats tailored to the dog’s age, size and health condition.

Supporting Your Dog’s Immune Health Through Nutrition

Improving immune health often starts with evaluating what your dog eats every day. Veterinary nutritionists recommend choosing diets that meet established nutritional standards and contain high quality, clearly identified ingredients.

Key nutrients that support canine immunity include:

• High-quality animal protein
• Omega-3 fatty acids
• Zinc and selenium
• Vitamins A, C, and E
• Probiotics and prebiotic fibre
• Antioxidant-rich ingredients

Hydration, regular exercise, stress management, vaccination, and routine veterinary care also contribute to a stronger immune system.

If you suspect your dog’s diet is affecting their health, consult a veterinarian before making major dietary changes. Some symptoms may resemble underlying medical conditions that require treatment beyond nutrition alone.

The connection between diet and immunity in dogs is stronger than many pet owners realize. Small clinical signs such as dull fur, chronic itching, digestive problems, or recurring infections may indicate that your dog’s nutritional needs are not being fully met.

Recognizing these warning signs early and providing balanced, high-quality nutrition can help strengthen your dog’s immune defenses, improve quality of life, and support long-term health.

Presence of fur everywhere flusters pet parents endlessly. Dr Mridul Goel suggests ways to control hair fall.

The monsoon season brings with it a refreshing change in the weather, lush green landscapes, and the joy of rain. However, for pet owners, it also marks the onset of the familiar phenomenon of hair shedding. As the rain pours and the humidity rises, many pet owners find themselves grappling with excessive hair loss and the constant presence of fur around their homes. Dog hair shedding is a natural and necessary process that helps dogs regulate their body temperature and maintain a healthy coat. However, the monsoon season tends to intensify the shedding process. Understanding the factors that contribute to hair shedding during the monsoon is essential for pet parents so their furry friends remain comfortable and healthy throughout the season.

Hair Growth Cycle in Animals

• The hair growth cycle consists of three phases:
• Anagen (Growth Phase): Hair actively grows from the hair follicles during this phase.
• Catagen (Transition Phase): Hair growth slows down and the follicles prepare for the next phase.
• Telogen (Resting Phase): Hair is no longer growing and eventually sheds to make way for new hair growth.

Common Causes of Hair Shedding

Several factors contribute to hair shedding. Some of these are:

Seasonal hair loss: Many animals shed their thicker winter coat to make way for a lighter summer coat.

Hormonal changes: Pregnancy, lactation, puberty, or hormonal imbalances can trigger shedding.

Nutritional deficiencies: Lack of proteins, fatty acids and vitamins can affect skin and coat health.

Stress and anxiety: Environmental changes and stressful situations may increase shedding.

Medical conditions: Allergies, infections, parasites, hormonal disorders and skin diseases can lead to abnormal hair loss.

Why Hair Shedding Increases During Monsoon

As the monsoon season arrives, many pet owners notice an increase in shedding. This is a natural response to environmental changes.

Temperature Regulation: Animals shed excess hair to adapt to warmer and more humid conditions.

Moisture and Humidity: Increased humidity can affect skin and coat health. Excess moisture may lead to fungal or bacterial infections, causing itching and shedding.

Rainfall and External Factors: Rain introduces contaminants and allergens into the coat, triggering itching and hair loss. Wet fur is also more prone to tangling and matting.

Breeds Prone to Hair Loss During Monsoon

Certain dog breeds are more prone to shedding during the monsoon season due to their coat characteristics.

Double-Coated Breeds: Siberian Huskies, Alaskan Malamutes, and Golden Retrievers shed their dense undercoat to improve airflow and regulate body temperature.

Long-Haired Breeds: Afghan Hounds and Collies may experience increased shedding as their coats become more susceptible to tangling and matting.

Tips to Manage and Minimize Shedding

Regular Grooming: Frequent brushing helps remove loose and dead hair and prevents matting.

Bathing and Drying: Maintain a regular bathing routine and ensure thorough drying afterward.

Moisture Control: Use raincoats or provide shelter to protect pets from excessive rainfall.

Healthy Diet and Supplements: Provide a balanced diet rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.

Skin and Coat Care: Check regularly for signs of irritation or infection.

Environmental Enrichment: Keep pets mentally and physically engaged during rainy days.

Home Remedies and Additional Care

Providing a balanced and nutritious diet rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids can improve skin and coat health. Omega-3 supplements such as fish oil may also help reduce shedding. Regular baths using a mild pet-friendly shampoo can remove loose fur, while proper hydration supports healthy skin.

Pet owners should also control fleas and ticks, as parasites can cause excessive itching and shedding. Stress reduction is equally important. Creating a calm environment and ensuring regular exercise can help minimize hair loss related to anxiety. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for monitoring skin and coat health and identifying any underlying health issues.

When to Seek Veterinary Advice

Consult your veterinarian if you notice:

• Sudden and severe hair loss
• Bald patches or inflamed skin
• Excessive scratching or itching
• Changes in appetite, energy levels, or behaviour
• Presence of parasites or signs of infection

Conclusion

Hair shedding during the monsoon season is a common occurrence in both dogs and cats.

The increase in humidity, temperature and rainfall can trigger shedding as animals adapt to changing environmental conditions. While shedding cannot be prevented entirely, regular grooming, proper nutrition, moisture control and skin care can help manage and minimize its impact.

Excessive or abnormal shedding may indicate underlying health issues such as allergies, parasites or hormonal imbalances. By understanding the factors influencing shedding and implementing appropriate grooming and healthcare practices, pet owners can help their dogs and cats maintain healthy coats and overall well-being throughout the monsoon season.

Jotvinder Singh, founder of Woof Yums, explains the benefits of herbs for the fur babies.

Herbs can effectively support pet health by addressing common issues like anxiety, digestive issues and skin irritation. While many herbs are safe, they should be used in moderation and under veterinary supervision, as some can be toxic or interact with medications.

Bearberry

Uva ursi commonly known as bearberry, is a medicinal plant whose leaves are used in herbal medicine. The plant’s Latin name means ‘bear’s grape,’ reflecting the fact that bears are particularly fond of its fruit.

Uva ursi is mainly valued for supporting urinary tract health. Traditionally, it has been used for conditions affecting the kidneys, bladder and urethra. In addition to urinary concerns, the herb has occasionally been used to relieve constipation and treat respiratory conditions. Its benefits are believed to stem from its antibacterial properties.

Dandelion

Another widely known medicinal herb is Taraxacum officinale, commonly referred to as dandelion. Both the above-ground parts and the root are used in traditional medicine. Dandelion has been used to treat a wide variety of ailments, including poor appetite, digestive discomfort, intestinal gas, gallstones, joint pain, muscle aches, bruises and skin conditions such as eczema. It is also used as a mild laxative and diuretic to stimulate bowel movements.  In herbal traditions, it is considered a blood tonic, digestive aid and skin tonic.

Wheatgrass

Triticum aestivum, often referred to as wheatgrass, is another plant used for its potential health benefits. The above-ground parts, roots and rhizomes are used medicinally. Wheatgrass is primarily valued as a concentrated source of nutrients, including vitamins A, C and E, as well as minerals such as iron, calcium, and magnesium, along with amino acids. It is commonly promoted for improving haemoglobin levels, regulating blood sugar, supporting wound healing and preventing bacterial infections, although scientific evidence supporting many of these claims remains insufficient. Wheatgrass contains chlorophyll and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may contribute to health benefits.

Juniper berries

The Juniperus communis produces juniper berries, which have long been used in both medicine and food preparation. Juniper berries are traditionally used for digestive complaints such as bloating, heartburn, intestinal gas, and loss of appetite.

They are also used to treat urinary tract infections and kidney or bladder stones. Sometimes juniper preparations are applied to the skin for joint and muscle pain, while inhaling the essential oil may help relieve bronchitis symptoms. The berries contain compounds that may reduce inflammation, combat microbes and stimulate urine production.

Goldenseal

Hydrastis canadensis, commonly known as goldenseal, is another herb used in traditional medicine. The dried root is used to prepare medicinal remedies for conditions such as colds, digestive disorders, urinary tract infections, and skin problems. A key compound in goldenseal is berberine, which may have antibacterial and antifungal properties and may help regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels. However, many of the plant’s active compounds are not well absorbed when taken orally, so its effectiveness is still uncertain.

Marshmallow

Marshmallow is a plant. The leaves and the roots are used to make medicine. Marshmallow leaf and root are used for pain and swelling (inflammation) of the mucous membranes that line the respiratory tract. They are also used for dry cough, inflammation of the lining of the stomach, diarrhoea, stomach ulcers, constipation, urinary tract inflammation and stones in the urinary tract.

Marshmallow forms a protective layer on the skin and lining of the digestive tract. It also contains chemicals that might decrease cough and help heal wounds.

Note: It is advised to use the herbs only after consultation with a veterinary expert specialising in Ayurveda.

About the author: Jotvinder Singh, also known as Jojo, is an example for all who want to turn their passion into life’s purpose. He founded Woof Yums, a fresh food catering and delivery service for dogs and first of its kind service which caters to the unique needs of every dog customer. Gradually, turning towards India’s First ever concept of pet food in dehydrated form.

Dr Umesh Kallahalli, senior veterinarian, Mars Petcare India, suggests how to soften the blow of this menace.

Rising air pollution across Indian cities is emerging as a serious health concern for pets. From respiratory distress to long-term immune impact, poor air quality is increasingly affecting companion animals in ways that may only become apparent once symptoms worsen. Veterinary observations and expert guidance highlight both the risks and the practical steps pet parents can take to protect their animals.

When Breathing Becomes a Challenge

Pets are especially vulnerable to airborne pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, dust, and vehicular emissions because they breathe closer to ground level. Veterinarians report a growing number of cases involving coughing, wheezing, nasal discharge and aggravated asthma, particularly among brachycephalic breeds. Prolonged exposure can inflame airways and worsen existing respiratory conditions.

The First Signs Often Show on Skin and Eyes

The impact of pollution extends beyond the lungs. Early indicators often include watery or reddened eyes, itchy skin, excessive scratching and dull coats. Pollutants weaken the skin barrier and irritate sensitive mucous membranes, increasing the risk of infections and allergies over time.

Pollution’s Quiet Impact on Immunity

Chronic exposure to polluted environments stresses the pet’s immune system. Puppies, senior pets, and those with underlying health issues are particularly vulnerable. Left unmanaged, pollution-related stress can compromise long-term immunity.

Clean Indoor Air Makes a Real Difference

Since pets spend much of their time indoors, improving indoor air quality is one of the most effective measures. Air purifiers with HEPA and activated carbon filters help reduce harmful particles, allergens, and pet dander. Experts advise avoiding ozone generating devices and opting for low-noise models—ideally below 50 decibels—to prevent stress in pets.

Smarter Walks, Safer Exposure

Early mornings and late evenings, when air quality is often poorer, are best avoided. Shorter walks during mid-day hours and choosing greener, less congested routes can help limit exposure.

Small Habits That Go a Long Way

Simple practices such as wiping paws, faces, and coats after walks reduce the ingestion of pollutants during grooming. Adequate hydration supports natural detoxification and helps maintain healthy skin and respiratory tissues.

While air pollution remains a growing urban challenge, its impact on pets can be mitigated through informed choices, cleaner indoor environments, mindful routines and balanced nutrition. Proactive care can go a long way in helping pets lead healthier, more comfortable lives despite the dangerous air quality.

Yung-Tsun Lo D.V.M., Ph.D of Bioguard Corporation explains all there is to know about the most common hormonal (endocrine) disorder in dogs.

Dogs have a thyroid gland made up of two lobes, sitting right at the front of the neck along the windpipe. The thyroid’s main job is to produce hormones that keep the metabolism running properly, which helps all the organs do their work. When the gland doesn’t make enough of those hormones, we call it hypothyroidism. It’s actually pretty common in dogs, especially those between 4 and 10 years old, and it tends to show up more often in medium to large‑breed dogs. With too little thyroid hormone, the metabolism slows down, and that’s when you start seeing changes in the dog’s health and energy.

What causes hypothyroidism?

When we talk about the causes of hypothyroidism in dogs, most cases—around 90%—are what we call primary hypothyroidism. That usually comes from one of two things. The first is lymphocytic thyroiditis, where the dog’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid tissue, and there’s often a hereditary link. The second is idiopathic thyroid atrophy, where the thyroid tissue is replaced by fat without any inflammation.

Secondary hypothyroidism is much less common. When it does happen, it can be linked to things like thyroid cancer, pituitary gland disease, congenital defects, or even external trauma that interferes with normal hormone production.

What are the risk factors?

Hypothyroidism in dogs most often shows up in middle‑aged animals, usually between 4 and 10 years old, with the average being around 6 to 7. It’s seen more often in spayed females and neutered males. Certain breeds also seem to be more prone to it—Golden Retrievers and Doberman Pinschers are classic examples.

What are the signs of hypothyroidism?

• Lethargy and reduced activity
• Weight gain
• Hair loss (alopecia), poor coat quality
• Cold intolerance
• Neurological signs in severe cases
• (weakness, nerve dysfunction)
• Slow heart rate
• Increased susceptibility and occurrence
• of skin and ear infections
• Fat deposits in the corneas of the eyes

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed in dogs?

When a dog’s metabolic rate slows down, you’ll often see changes across the whole body. Routine lab work can sometimes pick up clues, like mild anemia or elevated cholesterol and kidney values. But the only way to make a definitive diagnosis is by checking thyroid hormone levels directly in the blood:

• Blood tests measuring total T4, free T4, total T3,
• and TSH levels.
• Rule out non-thyroidal illness that can
• mimic hypothyroidism.

How is hypothyroidism treated?

The good news is that hypothyroidism can be managed very effectively. Treatment usually means giving the dog synthetic thyroid hormone—levothyroxine—every day for the rest of their life. It’s a simple pill, and most dogs respond really well to it.

Once your dog starts thyroid medication, your veterinarian will usually want to check back in after a few weeks. That follow‑up includes another exam and blood tests to see how well the treatment is working. Because hypothyroidism requires lifelong management, regular checkups and blood tests will continue throughout your dog’s life to make sure the hormone levels stay in balance.

What’s the prognosis for dogs with hypothyroidism?

With the right diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing monitoring, hypothyroidism in dogs carries an excellent prognosis. Most dogs do very well on daily thyroid medication, regaining energy, improving coat quality, and living a normal lifespan— as long as the treatment and checkups stay consistent.

Dr D J Kalita and Dr Jyotika Sangale from Technical and Regulatory Affairs, Zenex Animal Health, give a low-down on the skin disease.

Canine Atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a common inflammatory and pruritic skin disease of dogs with a genetic predisposition. CAD is a complex, polygenic disorder resulting from diverse genetic mutations that vary among breeds and geographic regions. It is generally associated with IgE antibodies to environmental allergens to which susceptible animals are genetically predisposed to become sensitized.

Genetical Predisposition and Pathogenesis

Several pure breeds of dog are well-recognized to be at increased risk for developing CAD, including the Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, German Shepherd, Dalmatian, West Highland White Terrier, Lhasha Apso, Shih Tzu, Shar Pei, Boxer and Pug.

Studies suggested that CAD is not a simple dominant or recessive trait, rather, it appears to be a complex, polygenic disorder arising from diverse genetic mutations that vary between breeds and geographic locations. The age of onset is generally between six months and three years. The pathogenesis of CAD is believed to involve complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis is challenging and is based on signalment, clinical signs, history and the exclusion of other pruritic skin diseases. At the beginning the characteristic sign of pruritus may be alesional or associated with primary skin lesions like erythema. In chronic stages secondary skin lesions will occur due to self-trauma, chronic inflammation and secondary infections. Typical secondary skin lesions are excoriations, alopecia, lichenification, hyperpigmentation, crusting, and seborrhea.

Prospective studies have revealed the set of criteria for CAD diagnosis, known as Favrot’s criteria, has been implemented to help veterinarians interpret clinical findings when confronted with an itchy dog. These criteria were developed from a large case series of confirmed cases of CAD:

FAVROT’s Criteria:

CAD is considered to be very likely if at least five of the above criteria are present. The sensitivity and specificity of these set of diagnostic criteria are reported to be around 80%. However, these criteria do not apply to cases of food-induced atopic dermatitis.

Differential diagnosis – Ruling out other Diseases

Diagnosis of CAD is based on meeting out the clinical criteria and ruling out of other skin conditions with similar clinical signs. Such conditions include flea allergy dermatitis, other ectoparasitic infestations (sarcoptic mange, pediculosis, trombiculiasis, otoacariasis) and primary skin infections. The initial steps to rule out ectoparasites includes flea combing, skin scrapings, hair plucks and cytologic evaluation of skin samples. Flea allergy dermatitis typically causes pruritus and lesions over the lumbosacral region, tail base and caudomedial thighs—areas that are not usually involved in CAD. Dogs with CAD commonly experience frequent or recurrent staphylococcal or yeast infections.

Treatment & Management of CAD

CAD requires a multimodal approach for management. The process may involve trying different options to determine what works best for each patient.

• Topical therapies like medicated shampoos, foaming mousses, sprays, wipes, spot-ons, creams and ointments— are recommended to treat affected skin.
• There is good evidence for high efficacy of oral and topical glucocorticoids with minimum side effects for short-term therapy. However, long-term treatment with glucocorticoids must be weighed against the risk of adverse drug effects.
• Application of antimicrobial agents is an integral part of treating secondary bacterial and yeast infections in dogs with CAD. Dogs with CAD are at increased risk for developing recurrent microbial skin infections with S pseudintermedius and/or M pachydermatis.
• Oral cyclosporine is a thoroughly evaluated drug for the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. At a dose of 5 mg/kg/ day, it was found to be equally effective as prednisolone and methylprednisolone.
• Oclacitinib maleate is an immune-modulating drug that inhibits the Th2 (T helper cell 2) mediated inflammatory responses. Oclacitinib has been approved for treating pruritus related to allergic dermatitis, including CAD. Oclacitinib maleate is rapidly absorbed with high bioavailability and a half-life of 4 to 6 hours. The recommended dose of oclacitinib is 0.4 to 0.6 mg/kg given orally every 12 hours for 14 days, then once daily for longterm maintenance. Oclacitinib maleate is not recommended in dogs less than 12 months of age and in dogs with serious infections like pneumonia.
• Few other flare factors need to be considered in the management of chronic canine atopic dermatitis include: 1) Comprehensive fleas control 2) Identification and management of food-induced dermatitis and 3) Once to twice-weekly medicated bathing with antimicrobial shampoos to prevent recurrent secondary microbial skin infections.

Dietary Considerations

Oral supplementation with essential fatty acids (EFAs) has long been recommended as an adjunctive therapy for canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) and has been shown to normalize lipid composition in the subcutaneous skin of dogs. They play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the stratum corneum by strengthening the epidermal barrier.

Conclusion

Atopic dermatitis can significantly compromise a dog’s quality of life and is often frustrating. Given the complex pathophysiology of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD), therapy must be individualized, taking into account factors such as genetics, nutrition and environmental influences. Oclacitinib, an immune-modulating drug, has demonstrated its clinical efficacy for both acute flares and chronic management of CAD. It provides reduction in pruritus and inflammations and offers faster onset of action.

Excess fat is a major health concern for pets, says Dr Bogapathi Sampath Kumar.

Obesity in pets, particularly dogs and cats that affects their health and quality of life. Weight gain in pets can lead to a host of medical problems, reducing their lifespan and making everyday activities challenging. Pet owners must understand the risks of obesity, its causes, and ways to manage and prevent it.

Understanding pet obesity

Obesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation in the body. A pet is considered obese when it weighs at least 20% more than its ideal body weight. This condition affects a pet’s wellbeing and increases the likelihood of health complications.

Biochemical and pathological etiology of obesity

Obesity in dogs and cats is a multifactorial disorder influenced by biochemical, hormonal, and pathological mechanisms. Excess adiposity results in metabolic dysregulation, particularly involving leptin, insulin, and adipokines, leading to insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. Adipose tissue in obese pets secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which contribute to systemic inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Leptin resistance, impairs appetite regulation, promoting weight gain. The dysfunction of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, exacerbates insulin resistance and predisposes pets to diabetes mellitus. Pathologically, obesity is linked to hepatic lipidosis in cats and obesity-induced osteoarthritis in dogs due to increased joint stress and cartilage degradation.

Understanding these biochemical and pathological alterations is crucial for effective prevention and management strategies to improve the health and longevity of pets.

1. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ

Leptin Resistance: In obese pets, excessive fat cells secrete leptin, a hormone responsible for appetite suppression and energy expenditure. However, persistent hyperleptinemia leads to leptin resistance, where the brain fails to respond, causing persistent hunger and reduced metabolism.

Adiponectin dysregulation: Adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory hormone that enhances insulin sensitivity, is decreased in obesity, leading to insulin resistance and increased risk of diabetes mellitus in both dogs and cats.

2. Insulin resistance and glucose dysregulation Inflammatory Cytokines: Obese animals have increasedlevels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP), which interfere withinsulin signaling.

Pancreatic β-cell Dysfunction: Chronic hyperglycemia overburdens pancreatic β-cells, leading to reduced insulin and diabetes.

3. Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Liver Disease: In obese cats, excess fat accumulates in theliver, a potentially fatal condition.

Kidney Disease: Increased oxidative stress and systemic inflammation in obese pets accelerate kidney damage.

Cardiovascular Dysfunction: Obesity increases plasma lipid levels, leading to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and congestive heart failure in dogs.

4. Musculoskeletal and Orthopedic Complications Osteoarthritis (OA): The overproduction of inflammatorymediators (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α) leads to cartilage degradation,causing joint pain and reduced mobility.

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD): Common in overweight dogs, IVDD leads to spinal compression and paralysis.

5. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysfunction Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Syndrome):

Overproduction of cortisol results in fat redistribution, insulin resistance, and muscle wasting.

Hypothyroidism: In dogs, reduced thyroid hormone (T3, T4) levels lower metabolic rate, predisposing them to weight gain.

Causes of Obesity in Pets

Several factors contribute to obesity in pets, including:

1. Overfeeding and poor diet – Many pet parents unknowingly provide excessive food that contribute to weight gain.

2. Lack of exercise – Indoor lifestyles and reduced physical activity lead to energy imbalances, causing fat accumulation.

3. Genetics – Certain breeds, such as Labrador Retrievers, Beagles, and Persian Cats, are genetically predisposed to obesity.

4. Aging – As pets grow older, their metabolism slows down, making them more susceptible to weight gain.

5. Medical conditions – Hormonal disorders like hypothyroidism or Cushing’s disease can contribute to obesity.

6. Neutering/Spaying – While beneficial for controlling pet populations, these procedures can sometimes lead to weight gain due to hormonal changes.

Health risks associated with obesity

Obese pets are at higher risk for numerous health problems, including:

Diabetes mellitus – Excess fat can cause insulin resistance, leading to diabetes.

Joint and bone problems – Extra weight puts stress on the joints, leading to arthritis and mobility issues.

Heart disease – Increased fat can lead to high blood pressure and heart-related issues.

Respiratory problems – Overweight pets struggle with breathing and are more prone to respiratory illnesses.

Reduced lifespan – Studies indicate that obese pets live shorter lives compared to their lean counterparts.

Increased risk during surgery – Anesthetic complications are higher in obese pets due to excess fat.

How to identify obesity in pets

Pet owners can use simple methods to check if their pet is overweight:

Rib check – You should be able to feel but not see your pet’s ribs easily.

Waistline check – When viewed from above, your pet should have a defined waistline.

Side view – A sagging belly or absence of an abdominal tuck is a sign of obesity.

Veterinary assessment – A professional body condition score (BCS) evaluation by a veterinarian can provide a clear diagnosis.

Prevention and management of obesity

1. Proper diet and nutrition

Feeding pets a balanced, nutritious diet with appropriate portion control is crucial. Pet owners should:

• Avoid free-feeding and provide meals at scheduled times.
• Opt for high-quality pet food with essential nutrients.
• Limit treats and avoid feeding table scraps.

2. Regular exercise

Physical activity is key to maintaining a healthy weight. Pet owners should:

• Take dogs for daily walks, runs, or play sessions.
• Engage cats in interactive activities like feather toys, laser pointers, or climbing structures.
• Encourage active playtime instead of prolonged periods of rest.

3. Veterinary guidance

A veterinarian can create a customized weight management plan, including:

• Special diet recommendations.
• Exercise routines suited to the pet’s age and breed.
• Regular weight monitoring to track progress.

4. Lifestyle modifications

• Using slow feeders or puzzle toys to control food intake.
• Ensuring hydration with ample fresh water.
• Managing stress, as anxiety can lead to overeating.

Conclusion

Obesity in pets is a serious but preventable health concern. As responsible pet owners, it is essential to maintain a balanced diet, encourage regular physical activity, and seek veterinary guidance when necessary. By ensuring that pets stay at a healthy weight, owners can significantly improve their pets’ overall well-being and longevity. A little effort in managing their health can lead to a happier and more energetic furry companion.

About the author: Dr Bogapathi Sampath Kumar, is an Associate Professor, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, PVNRTVU.

The global companion animal vaccines market size was valued at USD 3,943.84 million in 2024.

According to recent industry forecasts, it is set to witness growth at a CAGR of 8.0% during 2025– 2034. According to analysts at Polaris Market Research, the growing emotional attachment to pets has driven increased spending on their health and wellness, including regular vaccinations, to ensure longer, healthier lives. Core Vaccines for Dogs Core vaccinations are considered necessary for all dogs, regardless of geographical location. These diseases are

common and dangerous, often fatal.

1. Rabies

Rabies is a fatal virus transmitted through saliva when an infected animal bites. It attacks the brain and, once the symptoms are obvious, is always fatal. Vaccination against rabies protects not only animals but also humans. Many regions require rabies shots by law.

2. Canine Parvovirus

Parvo is an extremely infectious virus that affects the stomach and intestines, leading to vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. Young puppies are at high risk. The virus can survive in the environment for a long time, so vaccination is critical.

3. Canine Distemper

Distemper affects the lungs, stomach, and nervous system. It is usually spread through contact with infected animals. Symptoms can be both severe and long-lasting. The vaccine offers strong protection.

4. Adenovirus (Hepatitis)

This is a viral agent that causes liver disease in dogs. Vaccination helps prevent infection and reduces the severity of symptoms once the animal has been exposed.

Core Vaccines for Cats

Cats also need core vaccines to protect them against serious and widespread diseases.

1. Rabies

Like dogs, cats must be vaccinated against rabies. It protects both the animal and humans from this fatal virus.

2. Feline Panleukopenia

Commonly called feline distemper, this virus is highly contagious and can be fatal, especially in kittens. The vaccine provides excellent, long-lasting protection.

3. Feline Herpesvirus and Calicivirus

These viruses cause infections of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms include sneezing, runny eyes, fever, and mouth sores. Although vaccines do not always prevent infection, the severity of resultant illness is reduced.

Non-Core Vaccines

Non-core vaccines are given depending on lifestyle, environment, and risk of exposure.

These may include vaccinations against kennel cough, Lyme disease, and leptospirosis in dogs. Dogs that frequent parks, boarding facilities, or wildlife areas are usually recommended to receive these vaccinations.

Non-core vaccines for cats may include feline leukemia virus vaccines. Such a vaccination assists cats that venture outdoors or that cohabit with other cats that may be infected.

Vets help determine which non-core vaccines are necessary. Each pet has a different lifestyle, so a tailored plan is the most effective.

Vaccination Schedule

Puppies and kittens have a series of vaccinations during the first months. Their early vaccinations start at about six to eight weeks of age. They then get boosters every few weeks, extending up to sixteen weeks. This helps their developing immune system achieve strong, lasting protection.

Adult animals need boosters regularly. The time frame depends on the type of vaccine. Some vaccines require an annual booster; others may last three or more years.

The owners should document all vaccinations given to pets. This applies to travel, boarding, and medical concerns.

Why Booster Shots Matter

Over time, immunity tends to wane. Boosters remind the immune system of the disease so it stays ready to fight. Without boosters, pets may become vulnerable again. Boosters also help keep the larger pet community safe by preventing outbreaks.

Protecting Pets and Communities

Vaccinating pets does more than protect an individual animal. When many pets in a community are vaccinated, the spread of disease will slow. This provides extra safety for young animals, older pets, and those with weak immune systems. Some diseases, such as rabies, can be transmitted to humans. Strong vaccination programs for pets protect families and neighbors.

In Summary

Vaccination of companion animals is one of the easiest, yet most powerful, ways to keep them safe from serious diseases. Because of regular shots and boosters, pets stay healthier, safer, and more active. As our bond with animals grows, vaccines remain one of the most reliable tools to support their well-being and give them a longer, happier life.

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