This disease can affect humans also. It spreads through the urine of infected animals, says Yung-Tsun Lo (D.V.M., Ph.D) of Bioguard Corporation.
Canine leptospirosis is a bacterial infection in dogs caused by spiral-shaped bacteria known as leptospires. This disease can affect both pets and humans (it is zoonotic) and is particularly concerning because it can lead to severe illness or death in dogs if left untreated. While cats can also be infected, they tend to be more resistant to the disease and are much less likely to require hospitalization.
The bacteria thrive in moist environments and water. They are typically spread through the urine of infected animals, including rodents, livestock, and other wildlife, which can contaminate water, soil, and food sources.
Transmission
Leptospirosis is more commonly found in warm, humid climates with high annual rainfall, but it can occur anywhere, especially after heavy rain or flooding. Dogs typically contract leptospirosis through contact with water contaminated by infected urine, especially from stagnant or slow-moving sources such as puddles, ponds, or lakes. The bacteria can also spread via urine-contaminated soil, bedding, or food.
Various animals can transmit leptospirosis through their urine, with rodents and small mammals like rats and raccoons being the most common carriers. However, almost any mammal, including humans, can spread the bacteria. Infected or carrier dogs can also serve as sources of infection.
The Leptospira bacteria enter the body through ingestion, broken skin, or mucous membranes (such as the eyes, nose, or mouth). The incubation period—the time between exposure and the onset of symptoms—is typically about one week.
Symptoms
Leptospiral infection in dogs can lead to varying degrees of illness severity, influenced by factors such as the infecting strain, geographical location, and the dog’s immune response. Some dogs may show mild symptoms or none, while others can experience severe illness or potentially fatal complications, often due to kidney damage.
Common signs of leptospirosis include:
- Fever and shivering
- Lethargy and weakness
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Loss of appetite
- Muscle pain or stiffness
- Increased thirst and urination
- (indicating possible kidney involvement)
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
In severe cases, leptospirosis can lead to kidney failure, liver damage, lung disease, or bleeding disorders.
Diagnosis
Leptospirosis can be difficult to diagnose because its clinical signs often resemble those of other diseases, and a dog’s vaccination history may not be clear. Veterinarians usually rely on a combination of clinical signs, blood tests, and urine tests to identify possible cases.
To confirm the diagnosis, additional testing is often required. This may include PCR testing, which detects the DNA of the Leptospira bacteria, and microscopic agglutination tests (MATs) to measure antibody levels. In some instances, chest X-rays may also be conducted to check for
pulmonary haemorrhage.
Treatment
Leptospirosis is usually treated with antibiotics and supportive care. In the initial stages, hospitalization is often necessary to provide intravenous (IV) fluids and manage electrolytes. Additional treatments may include medications to protect the gastrointestinal system, relieve nausea and pain, provide nutritional support, and regulate blood pressure. Prompt treatment is crucial to reduce the risk of severe organ damage.
Prevention
Preventive Measures for Leptospirosis:
- Vaccination: Leptospirosis vaccines are available and highly recommended, especially in areas with a high risk of infection.
- Restrict access to stagnant water: Keep dogs from drinking or swimming in water sources that may be contaminated.
- Rodent Control: Minimize exposure to rodents near your home and yard to reduce the risk of infection.
- Routine Veterinary Care: Regular check-ups and preventive care are essential. Although leptospirosis can be severe, it can be effectively prevented with the right precautions.
